Valvular Heart Disease
The types of valvular heart disease and their clinical features are listed below.
Aortic stenosis (AS): Angina pectoris, left ventricular failure, syncope, slow upstroke to arterial pulse and ejection systolic murmur in 2nd right intercostals space.
Aortic regurgitation (AR): Congestive cardiac failure, early diastolic murmur at left sternal edge, water-hammer pulse and increased pulse pressure.
Mitral stenosis (MS): Pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation, loud first heart sound, mid diastolic murmur at apex and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea.
Mitral regurgitation (MR): Pulmonary oedema, apex beat displace laterally and apical pansystolic murmur.
Tricuspid stenosis (TS): Fatigue and peripheral oedema, ascites, hepatomegaly raised jugular venous pressure (JVP) with prominent a waves and diastolic murmur at left sternal edge.
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR): Pulsatile hepatomegaly, ascites, right ventricular heave, prominent JVP with large v waves and pansystolic murmur at left sternal edge.
